Citations and Resources Used
Website and Journal Article Citations:
1) "Abiotic component." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 5 Feb. 2014. Web. 6 May 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiotic_component>.
2) "Rainforest Biomes." Rainforest Biomes. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 May 2014. <http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/rainforest.htm>.
3) "Travel Madagascar." Madagascar Travel Information Guide. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 May 2014. <http://www.travelmadagascar.org/PARKS/Zahamena-National-Park.html>.
4) "The World's Biomes." The World's Biomes. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 May 2014. <http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/>.
5) "Ecosystems." - NatureWorks. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 May 2014. <http://www.nhptv.org/natureworks/nwepecosystems.htm>.
6) "Abiotic and Biotic Factors as Predictors of Species Richness on Madagascar - Springer." Abiotic and Biotic Factors as Predictors of Species Richness on Madagascar - Springer. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 May 2014. <http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F0-387-31710-4_10>.
7) ---
8) "." . N.p., n.d. Web. 6 May 2014. <https://www.tracy.k12.ca.us/sites/mitrajuarez/Shared%20Documents/chapter05_section02.htm>.
9) Campbell, Neil A., and Jane B. Reece. Biology. 7th ed. San Francisco: Pearson, Benjamin Cummings, 2005. Print.
10) Campbell, Neil A., and Jane B. Reece. Biology. 7th ed. San Francisco: Pearson, Benjamin Cummings, 2005. Print.
11) Birkinshaw, Chris. "Group I." FIELD GUIDE TO THE WOODY PLANTS OF ZAHAMENA, MADAGASCAR. : , . . Print.
12) " ." Biotic Factors. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 May 2014. <http://info.rforests.tripod.com/biotic_factors.htm>.
13) King, Tony . "Saving the Critically Endangered greater bamboo lemur Prolemur simus." Wild Conservation Vol. 1 (2013) 1: 17-24. Saving the Critically Endangered greater bamboo lemur Prolemur simus. Web. 6 May 2014.
14) Wright, Patricia. "The Crisis of the Critically Endangered Greater Bamboo Lemur (Prolemur simus)." Primate Conservation 23: 5-17. Web. 6 May 2014.
15) "EDGE of Existence." EDGE of Existence. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 May 2014. <http://www.edgeofexistence.org/mammals/species_info.php?id=24>.
16) Colquhoun, Ian. "Predation and Cathemerality: Comparing the Impact of Predators on the Activity Patterns of Lemurids and Ceboids." : n. pag. Web. 6 May 2014.
17) Professor Sauther: [email protected]
18) "Effects on Lemurs & Ecosystem." - Deforestation of Western Madagascar. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. <http://madagascanlemurs.doomby.com/pages/deforestation/effects-on-lemurs-and-the-eosystem.html>.
19) "Mongooses, Mongoose Pictures, Mongoose Facts - National Geographic." National Geographic. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. <http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/mongoose/>.
20) Benayas, Jose. "Restoring Forests After Land Abandonment." 1: n. pag. Restoring Forests After Land Abandonment. Web. 6 May 2014.
21) Bouillon, Steven. "Carbon biogeochemistry of the Betsiboka estuary (north-western Madagascar)." Organic Geochemistry: 1649-1658. Print.
22) Hinsinger, Philippe. "Understanding carbon and nutrient flows in Mediterranean and tropical agroecosystems." Minimizing the impact of cropping on biogeochemical cycle : n. pag. Web. .
23) The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Betsimisaraka (people)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/63534/Betsimisaraka>.
2) "Rainforest Biomes." Rainforest Biomes. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 May 2014. <http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/rainforest.htm>.
3) "Travel Madagascar." Madagascar Travel Information Guide. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 May 2014. <http://www.travelmadagascar.org/PARKS/Zahamena-National-Park.html>.
4) "The World's Biomes." The World's Biomes. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 May 2014. <http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/>.
5) "Ecosystems." - NatureWorks. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 May 2014. <http://www.nhptv.org/natureworks/nwepecosystems.htm>.
6) "Abiotic and Biotic Factors as Predictors of Species Richness on Madagascar - Springer." Abiotic and Biotic Factors as Predictors of Species Richness on Madagascar - Springer. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 May 2014. <http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F0-387-31710-4_10>.
7) ---
8) "." . N.p., n.d. Web. 6 May 2014. <https://www.tracy.k12.ca.us/sites/mitrajuarez/Shared%20Documents/chapter05_section02.htm>.
9) Campbell, Neil A., and Jane B. Reece. Biology. 7th ed. San Francisco: Pearson, Benjamin Cummings, 2005. Print.
10) Campbell, Neil A., and Jane B. Reece. Biology. 7th ed. San Francisco: Pearson, Benjamin Cummings, 2005. Print.
11) Birkinshaw, Chris. "Group I." FIELD GUIDE TO THE WOODY PLANTS OF ZAHAMENA, MADAGASCAR. : , . . Print.
12) " ." Biotic Factors. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 May 2014. <http://info.rforests.tripod.com/biotic_factors.htm>.
13) King, Tony . "Saving the Critically Endangered greater bamboo lemur Prolemur simus." Wild Conservation Vol. 1 (2013) 1: 17-24. Saving the Critically Endangered greater bamboo lemur Prolemur simus. Web. 6 May 2014.
14) Wright, Patricia. "The Crisis of the Critically Endangered Greater Bamboo Lemur (Prolemur simus)." Primate Conservation 23: 5-17. Web. 6 May 2014.
15) "EDGE of Existence." EDGE of Existence. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 May 2014. <http://www.edgeofexistence.org/mammals/species_info.php?id=24>.
16) Colquhoun, Ian. "Predation and Cathemerality: Comparing the Impact of Predators on the Activity Patterns of Lemurids and Ceboids." : n. pag. Web. 6 May 2014.
17) Professor Sauther: [email protected]
18) "Effects on Lemurs & Ecosystem." - Deforestation of Western Madagascar. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. <http://madagascanlemurs.doomby.com/pages/deforestation/effects-on-lemurs-and-the-eosystem.html>.
19) "Mongooses, Mongoose Pictures, Mongoose Facts - National Geographic." National Geographic. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. <http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/mongoose/>.
20) Benayas, Jose. "Restoring Forests After Land Abandonment." 1: n. pag. Restoring Forests After Land Abandonment. Web. 6 May 2014.
21) Bouillon, Steven. "Carbon biogeochemistry of the Betsiboka estuary (north-western Madagascar)." Organic Geochemistry: 1649-1658. Print.
22) Hinsinger, Philippe. "Understanding carbon and nutrient flows in Mediterranean and tropical agroecosystems." Minimizing the impact of cropping on biogeochemical cycle : n. pag. Web. .
23) The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Betsimisaraka (people)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/63534/Betsimisaraka>.
Graphics Citations:
1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indri_indri_001.jpg
2) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Begonia-IMG_0089sm.jpg
3) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Polystichum_setiferum0.jpg
4) http://www.arkive.org/madagascar-red-owl/tyto-soumagnei/
5) http://www.travelmadagascar.org/PARKS/Zahamena-National-Park.html
6) http://www.worldglobetrotters.com/Travelogues/65%20May%202009/1mfalls.JPG
7) http://www.cepf.net/SiteCollectionImages/506x180/506x180_Mad_forest.jpg
8) http://www.travelmadagascar.org/images/maurits/ankarana.jpg
9) http://www.parcs-madagascar.com/images/diapos/im_a0068_thumb_480_640.jpg
10) http://www.anotherland.com/images/africa/wmadzaha.jpg
11) http://wesbiomes.weebly.com/uploads/8/8/8/3/8883471/5113568_orig.jpg
12) http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ENVIRONMENT/Images/Madagascar_CAZ_Inset.png
13) http://www.destination360.com/contents/pictures/madagascar/zahamena-national-park.jpg
14) http://www.parcs-madagascar.com/images/diapos/pict0414(1)_thumb_480_640.jpg
15) http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/Feature%20Story/MA-Lemur-BioCarbon-Fund-400x264.png
16) http://www.agri.ruh.ac.lk/medicinalplants/medicinal_plants/families/images/kohila.gif
17) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Indri_indri_001.jpg
18) http://a-z-animals.com/media/animals/images/original/zebu6.jpg
19) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Cryptoprocta_Ferox.JPG
20) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Leaf_cutter_ants_arp.jpg
21) http://greenglobaltravel.com/wp-content/uploads/greater_bamboo_lemur_madagascar2.jpg
22) https://c1.staticflickr.com/7/6158/6244082779_25033b295e_z.jpg
23) http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/12/16/article-2075029-0D040412000005DC-950_468x286.jpg
24) http://imgcdn.geocaching.com/cache/large/d27291a5-88d8-4911-b662-15c14d3b52cc.jpg
25) http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Education/Pix/pictures/2013/1/17/1358446759827/A-three-toed-tree-sloth-h-008.jpg
26) http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/006/cache/leopard_606_600x450.jpg
27) http://www.cindyvallar.com/madagasc.jpg
28) http://importanceoflemurs.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/madagascar-deforestation2.jpg
29) http://www.natgeocreative.com/comp/MI/001/1290854.jpg
30) http://www.parcs-madagascar.com/images/diapos/dsc_346_thumb_480_640.jpg
31) http://www.canadianpharmacymeds.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Tropical-Rainforest-5.jpg
32) http://www.magictours.com.au/db/daten/AAA-Southern-Tropical-Rainforest-Maits-Rest-Jungle.jpg
33) http://www.ecolibrary.org/images/full_image/Tropical_rainforest_with_buttress_roots_and_lianas_N_Madagascar_DP9005.jpg
34) http://burns1.wikispaces.com/file/view/energy.jpeg/134316005/402x341/energy.jpeg
2) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Begonia-IMG_0089sm.jpg
3) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Polystichum_setiferum0.jpg
4) http://www.arkive.org/madagascar-red-owl/tyto-soumagnei/
5) http://www.travelmadagascar.org/PARKS/Zahamena-National-Park.html
6) http://www.worldglobetrotters.com/Travelogues/65%20May%202009/1mfalls.JPG
7) http://www.cepf.net/SiteCollectionImages/506x180/506x180_Mad_forest.jpg
8) http://www.travelmadagascar.org/images/maurits/ankarana.jpg
9) http://www.parcs-madagascar.com/images/diapos/im_a0068_thumb_480_640.jpg
10) http://www.anotherland.com/images/africa/wmadzaha.jpg
11) http://wesbiomes.weebly.com/uploads/8/8/8/3/8883471/5113568_orig.jpg
12) http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ENVIRONMENT/Images/Madagascar_CAZ_Inset.png
13) http://www.destination360.com/contents/pictures/madagascar/zahamena-national-park.jpg
14) http://www.parcs-madagascar.com/images/diapos/pict0414(1)_thumb_480_640.jpg
15) http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/Feature%20Story/MA-Lemur-BioCarbon-Fund-400x264.png
16) http://www.agri.ruh.ac.lk/medicinalplants/medicinal_plants/families/images/kohila.gif
17) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Indri_indri_001.jpg
18) http://a-z-animals.com/media/animals/images/original/zebu6.jpg
19) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Cryptoprocta_Ferox.JPG
20) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Leaf_cutter_ants_arp.jpg
21) http://greenglobaltravel.com/wp-content/uploads/greater_bamboo_lemur_madagascar2.jpg
22) https://c1.staticflickr.com/7/6158/6244082779_25033b295e_z.jpg
23) http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/12/16/article-2075029-0D040412000005DC-950_468x286.jpg
24) http://imgcdn.geocaching.com/cache/large/d27291a5-88d8-4911-b662-15c14d3b52cc.jpg
25) http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Education/Pix/pictures/2013/1/17/1358446759827/A-three-toed-tree-sloth-h-008.jpg
26) http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/006/cache/leopard_606_600x450.jpg
27) http://www.cindyvallar.com/madagasc.jpg
28) http://importanceoflemurs.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/madagascar-deforestation2.jpg
29) http://www.natgeocreative.com/comp/MI/001/1290854.jpg
30) http://www.parcs-madagascar.com/images/diapos/dsc_346_thumb_480_640.jpg
31) http://www.canadianpharmacymeds.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Tropical-Rainforest-5.jpg
32) http://www.magictours.com.au/db/daten/AAA-Southern-Tropical-Rainforest-Maits-Rest-Jungle.jpg
33) http://www.ecolibrary.org/images/full_image/Tropical_rainforest_with_buttress_roots_and_lianas_N_Madagascar_DP9005.jpg
34) http://burns1.wikispaces.com/file/view/energy.jpeg/134316005/402x341/energy.jpeg
Links Citations:
1) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5ABUJRGZKg
2) http://www.arkive.org/greater-bamboo-lemur/prolemur-simus/video-08b.html
3) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4UyZDY-706s&noredirect=1
2) http://www.arkive.org/greater-bamboo-lemur/prolemur-simus/video-08b.html
3) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4UyZDY-706s&noredirect=1
Professor that was emailed including my email and hers: Professor Sauther
My Email:Hello, my name is Allie Busbee and I am a high school student in a Science Technology Engineering and Math (STEM) program in Georgia. I am doing a research project over Madagascar, but more specifically the Zahamena National Park. I have been looking into how the lemurs of Madagascar are a keystone species. I came across your book, and it intrigued me. I have a few questions, and I would greatly appreciate if you could take a look!
1) Do you consider lemurs to be a keystone species? If so, how are they specifically a keystone species to Madagascar (or even better the Zahamena National Park)?
Thank you so much for taking the time out of your busy day to look into my email! I hope to hear back from you.
Sincerely,
Allie Busbee
Her response:
Dear Allie,
Thank you for your email. It is so great to hear you are involved in a STEM program!
To answer your question more broadly first let’s think about what a keystone species is. Usually they are defined as having an important effect on the environment and playing a major role in maintaining an intact ecological community. Think first about the contintent of Africa with all it amazing diversity of animals. There are grazers and browsers and insectivores and carnivores etc. And the diversity of genera and species filling these niches are great. In Madagascar, because it is an island, the only animals to be found there primarily made it via rafting over millions of years. However, only a few major groups arrived in Madagascar: the lemurs, the rodents, the tenrecs and the fossa. So instead of many types of animals making up the browsers, grazers, insectivores and carnivores like in Africa you have these four major mammal groups diversifying into the numerous niches. As such, lemurs are very important and are certainly keystone species. What is even more evident is that as Madagascar recently lost its giant lemurs, there are now plants in Madagascar that have no animals big enough to disperse their seeds and this is now negatively impacting the forests. I have attached a paper for you to read about this.
Regarding Zahamena - this is a very rich rainforest and it is still in fairly good shape as a forest and it serves as a sort of refugia for Malagasy plants and animals. It also contains a large number of lemur species, which is rare. Nevertheless there are serious conservation concerns because of the poverty of the local people, who in order to survive will hunt wildlife there. Zahamena is very important as it holds hundreds of ecological communities and could act as a sort of “species bank” that could provide species to introduce into other rainforest habitats where animals have been removed or hunted to local extirpation.
I hope this helps! If you would like to know more about our work in the Southwest please do visit our web site at: http://www.colorado.edu/anthropology/lemur/
Best Wishes,
Professor Sauther
1) Do you consider lemurs to be a keystone species? If so, how are they specifically a keystone species to Madagascar (or even better the Zahamena National Park)?
Thank you so much for taking the time out of your busy day to look into my email! I hope to hear back from you.
Sincerely,
Allie Busbee
Her response:
Dear Allie,
Thank you for your email. It is so great to hear you are involved in a STEM program!
To answer your question more broadly first let’s think about what a keystone species is. Usually they are defined as having an important effect on the environment and playing a major role in maintaining an intact ecological community. Think first about the contintent of Africa with all it amazing diversity of animals. There are grazers and browsers and insectivores and carnivores etc. And the diversity of genera and species filling these niches are great. In Madagascar, because it is an island, the only animals to be found there primarily made it via rafting over millions of years. However, only a few major groups arrived in Madagascar: the lemurs, the rodents, the tenrecs and the fossa. So instead of many types of animals making up the browsers, grazers, insectivores and carnivores like in Africa you have these four major mammal groups diversifying into the numerous niches. As such, lemurs are very important and are certainly keystone species. What is even more evident is that as Madagascar recently lost its giant lemurs, there are now plants in Madagascar that have no animals big enough to disperse their seeds and this is now negatively impacting the forests. I have attached a paper for you to read about this.
Regarding Zahamena - this is a very rich rainforest and it is still in fairly good shape as a forest and it serves as a sort of refugia for Malagasy plants and animals. It also contains a large number of lemur species, which is rare. Nevertheless there are serious conservation concerns because of the poverty of the local people, who in order to survive will hunt wildlife there. Zahamena is very important as it holds hundreds of ecological communities and could act as a sort of “species bank” that could provide species to introduce into other rainforest habitats where animals have been removed or hunted to local extirpation.
I hope this helps! If you would like to know more about our work in the Southwest please do visit our web site at: http://www.colorado.edu/anthropology/lemur/
Best Wishes,
Professor Sauther